If you haven’t already, go read Peter Suber’s initial response — it is, as always, clear, calm, comprehensive and compelling. (I hope to meet Peter one day; I imagine him as a kind of unflappable, scholarly James Bond…) This is your one-stop anti-PRISM shop for the time being: if you read nothing else, read this; and whenever PRISM rears its ugly head, make sure Peter’s response gets an airing too.
Peter has also responded to a Publisher’s Weekly article that simply repeats the PRISM propaganda. The by-line is Rachel Deahl, a senior news editor at PW. I wrote to her, as follows:

Dear Ms Deahl,
I write in response to your recent brief article in Publishers Weekly (“AAP Tries to Keep Government Out of Science Publishing”, August 23, 2007), in which you quote or repeat several egregious errors of fact which are being propagated by the newly formed anti-Open Access disinformation factory, PRISM.
Briefly, there is no aspect of the Open Access publishing model which would force anyone to “turn over” anything to the government, nor will OA publishing damage peer review in any way. For a detailed and authoritative response to the PRISM campaign, I refer you to Peter Suber, Professor of Philosophy at Earlham College, on his weblog Open Access News:
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2007_08_19_fosblogarchive.html#365179758119288416
In your article, you quoted PRISM and AAP members, but gave no space to the opposing point of view, which is simply that taxpayers should get what they have paid for: the results of the research they fund, and maximally efficient use of those results by the researchers whose salaries they also pay. I hope you will follow your initial report with a more balanced article that includes interviews with Open Access experts and advocates. In case it is of use in your research, I include here, in no particular order, a brief list of potential interviewees:
Peter Suber, as above (contact)
Paul Ginsparg, founder of arXiv (contact)
Barbara Cohen, Executive Editor, Public Library of Science (contact)
Mark Patterson, Director of Publishing, Public Library of Science (contact)
Matthew Cockerill, Publisher, BioMed Central (contact)
Finally, I should point out that I have also published this letter on my own weblog, and you are of course welcome to respond there (www.sennoma.net) at any time.
Best wishes,
me.

I’m not sure whether this will do any good — William Walsh has pointed out that Publisher’s Weekly is owned, once removed, by Reed Elsevier, noted price-gougers and employers of the notorious Publisher’s Pitbull, so Ms Deahl’s options may be limited by her bosses. This is also a good place to point out that if you write to her, being a jerk about it will not only be pointless and stupid but will in fact damage the OA cause. (That should go without saying but these things do tend to get out of hand when emotions run high and email allows one to send in haste and repent at leisure…)

From Peter Suber:

The AAP/PSP has launched PRISM (Partnership for Research Integrity in Science & Medicine).  I’m quoting today’s press release in its entirety so that I can respond to it at length:

A new initiative was announced today to bring together like minded scholarly societies, publishers, researchers and other professionals in an effort to safeguard the scientific and medical peer-review process and educate the public about the risks of proposed government interference with the scholarly communication process.
[much egregious lying]
Anyone who wishes to sign on to the PRISM Principles may do so on the site.

Fortunately for us all, Peter has already responded; I won’t excerpt his point-by-point rebuttal here, you should go read it all.
This is disgusting. This runs counter to everything that science, academia, scholarship (and scholarly publishing!) stand for.
There are no names on the PRISM site yet — but I’m going to find as many as I can and publish them here. Sunlight is the best disinfectant, and I want to know just who is taking part in this revolting effort to steal from the commons and turn public goods into private profit.
(We can start with the AAP: their members page is essentially one long list of companies and organizations with whom I will assiduously avoid doing business until and unless they dissociate themselves from PRISM, and preferably from the AAP altogether.)
More later. Oh yes indeedy.

In a comment on one of my 3QuarksDaily columns about Open Access/Open Science, Matthias Röder points out that there are more kinds of research than scientific:

One thing that might be worth thinking about is the fact that Open Science is a term that excludes many projects in the humanities and social sciences. I think Open Research might be a good alternative.

By way of illustration he points to a wikipedia entry on Open Research, which in turn points to a number of Open projects, including SCRIBE, with which Matthias is involved:

1. SCRIBE is an open and peer-reviewed database with information on music copyists and samples of their handwriting.
2. SCRIBE is a software tool for searching music manuscripts by handwriting characteristics.

He’s got a point. I don’t mean to be exclusionary, and am happy to accept Open Research as an umbrella term, a higher level taxon of which Open Science and Open Anything Else are subgroups.
That said, there’s also no reason not to use the phylum name when you don’t mean to speak for the entire kingdom. I don’t know much about research outside of science; I’ve posted a little about it, but haven’t looked into it with nearly the obsessive care with which I follow developments in Open Science. I’m a scientist; my focus is on science.
I’m happy to learn about efforts towards openness in other fields, of course, but I hope no one is surprised or offended to hear that I’ll be thinking “how can we use this for science?” the whole time. So for now, I will continue to talk about “Open Science”, and I hope that researchers from other fields will not feel excluded but will instead simply look to see whether anything I’m saying is of use in Open Whatever-It-Is-That-They-Do.

(Addressed in absentia to “Tools for Open Science”, Second Life, Aug 20 2007.  I am sorry I could not be there.)

I think we all know what we want, and I think we all want much the same thing, which boils down to just this: cooperation.  A way forward for science, a way out of the spiralling inefficiency of patent thickets, secret experiments and dog-eat-dog competition.  But we use a variety of terms, and probably mean slightly different things even when we use the same terms.  It might — I am not sure — be useful at this point to come together on an agreed definition for an agreed term or set of terms  — something equivalent to the Berlin/Bethesda/Budapest Open Access Declarations.

If this does not seem like a “tool for open science”, consider what the BBB definition has done for Open Access.  It provides cohesion, a point of reference and a standard introduction for newcomers, and acts as a nucleation center for an effective movement with clear and agreed goals.  Since this SL session takes off from SciFoo, and SciFoo is by all accounts very good at converting brainstorming sessions into practical outcomes, I thought perhaps the idea of a definition or declaration of Open Science might be a suitable topic.  In what I hope is the spirit of SciFoo, here are some ideas that might be useful in such a discussion.

Terms

Whatever this thing is, what should we call it?  There are a number of terms in use:

• Open Science — has the weight of Creative Commons/Science Commons behind it, via iCommons
• Open Source Science — Jamais Cascio, Chemists Without Borders
• Open Source Biology — Molecular Biosciences Institute
• I think “biology” too narrow — there seems little point in Open Chemistry, Open Microbiology, Open Foo all having different names.  I think Open Source Foo too likely to lead to confusion with software initiatives, and too likely to lead to pointless arguments about what the “source code” is.
• That leaves Open Science, which would be my choice for an umbrella term.  A case can be made, though, for Open Research, on the same basis on which I argue against Open Biology etc — see this comment from Matthias Röder
• Another “inclusive” possibility is to focus on information — Open Data, as per PMR’s wikipedia entry, or the broader Open Content.  In the same vein, the Open Knowledge Foundation provides a fairly comprehensive definition of Open Knowledge.
• I have seen “Science 2.0” around quite a bit lately, though it’s a bit too marketing-speak for my taste
• Open Notebook Science is a very specific subset of Open Science: if your notebook is open to the world, there’s not much confusion about access barriers!  It even comes with its own motto: “no insider information”.  This is as Open as Open gets.

Sources and Models

We don’t have to re-invent the wheel:

• Open Access declarations: Bethesda, Berlin, Budapest
• Creative Commons Licenses, particularly CC-BY
• David Wiley’s Open Education License, an attempt to put legal muscle into a Public Domain dedication; the linked post contains an argument against copyleft
• SPARC / Science Commons Author Addendum allowing authors to retain copyright and self-archive
• my attempt at a Data Addendum, based on the SPARC addendum
• Free Software Foundation definition of free software
• Open Source Initiative definition of Open Source software
• Open Knowledge Foundation definition of Open Knowledge
• enormous body of expertise on the idea of a “public good“; a brief definition might simply be that Open Science is science produced and intended as a public good.

Flexibility

We don’t want to start a cult, and we don’t want to bog anyone down in semantics.  There’s no purity test or loyalty oath.  My own view is that Open Science (or whatever we end up calling it) is not an ideology but an hypothesis: that openly shared, collaborative research models will prove more productive than the highly competitive “standard model” under which we now operate. 

Openness in scientific research covers a range of practices, from tentative explorations with a single small side-project all the way to Open Notebook Science á la Jean-Claude, and we should welcome every step away from the current hypercompetitive model.  Open Notebook Science provides a useful marker for the Open end of the spectrum; perhaps all a Declaration need do is identify the minimum requirements that mark the other end of the spectrum?

Conditions

What standards must a research project or programme meet in order to be considered Open?

• obvious: Open Access publication
• equally crucial: Open Data, that is, raw data as freely available (inc
  luding machine access) as OA text
• probably indispensable: Open Licensing so as to avoid confusion as to what is truly available and for what purposes; as per Peters Suber and Murray-Rust, this must be
  • explicit
  • conspicuous
  • machine-readable
• Open Semantics: perhaps none of this will be much good without metadata and standards to allow interoperability and free flow of information
• desirable: Free/Open Source Software
• David Wiley: “four Rs” of Open Content (cf. Stallman’s four fundamental freedoms for software):
• Reuse – Use the work verbatim, just exactly as you found it
• Rework – Alter or transform the work so that it better meets your needs
• Remix – Combine the (verbatim or altered) work with other works to better meet your needs
• Redistribute – Share the verbatim work, the reworked work, or the remixed work with others
• OKF definition of Open Knowledge

Yale science Libraries have stopped paying the article processing charges for Yale faculty who publish in BioMed Central journals. Yale says:

Starting with 2005, BioMed Central article charges cost the libraries $4,658, comparable to single biomedicine journal subscription. The cost of article charges for 2006 then jumped to $31,625. The article charges have continued to soar in 2007 with the libraries charged $29,635 through June2007, with $34,965 in potential additional article charges in submission.

BMC responds:

The main concern expressed in the library’s announcement is that the amount payable to cover the cost of publications by Yale researchers in BioMed Central’s journals has increased significantly, year on year. Looking at the rapid growth of BioMed Central’s journals, it is not difficult to see why that is the case. BioMed Central’s success means that more and more researchers (from Yale and elsewhere) are submitting to our journals each year. […]
An increase in the number of open access articles being submitted and going onto be published does lead to an increase in the total cost of the open access publishing service provided by BioMed Central, but the cost per article published in BioMed Central’s journals represents excellent value compared to other publishers.

The increased cost arises because Yale researchers are submitting more and more work to BMC journals.  More manuscripts = higher costs, but if the cost per article has not gone up, then BMC’s model scales effectively.  Here are some other ways to look at the numbers:

• For around $65K, Yale gets about 40 articles published OA, that is,available free to everyone everywhere forever, plus a “subscription” (that is, Open Access, like everyone else) to 179 journals.  Theaverage biomed journal subscription is around $1000-1500/yr; choosing the lower figure to be conservative, those subscription-equivalents are worth $179K/yr.  Even if Yale only wanted to subscribe to around a third of the BMC journals, that would still cost about the same as the OA charges –and this comparison ignores the page, color and miscellaneous charges that many journals levy.  (An example: PNAS charges $70 per printed page, plus $325 for each color figure or table; $150 for each replacement or deletion of a color figure or table.)
• Yale could publish those 40 articles elsewhere without paying anything (again, ignoring page etc. charges).  Assuming they don’t subscribe to any of the journals they publish in, though, every time any Yale employee wants to read one of those articles they’re on the hook for somewhere around $30; so it only takes 2166 person-articles, or an average of about 50 employees wanting to read each article, to get back to $65K — without the benefit of OA.
• Yale spent about $7.7 million on subscriptions in 2005-6; converted to OA author-side charges at $1600/article, that’s about 4800 articles.  A PubMed search on “Yale” gives 2272 hits; “Yale in title/abstract” gives 131, leaving 2141 papers where “Yale” is probably in an author’s address.  I can’t find a quick way to break out Yale’s subscription expenditure by field, so what proportion of the $7.7mil goes to biomed journals I couldn’t say (though STM titles are the most expensive subscriptions for any academic library). If PubMed-indexed journals make up 44% (2141/4800) of Yale’s subscription costs, which does not seem unlikely, then they’re already paying $1600/article — without the benefit of OA.

A quick fiddle with biology + medicine data from theJournal Cost-Effectiveness database gives an average price per article of around $12 for toll-access journals, but that’s (one subscription)/(total no. articles).  The question is, how many subscriptions do they sell — that is, what is their income/article?  We know what BMC makes per article: about $1600 on average.  If an average toll-access journal sells just 135 subscriptions per year, they’re bringing in more per article than BMC.

There’s more, but that’ll do for now.  Two questions arising:

1. what’s the average page/colour/misc charge levied by toll-access journals?
2. how many subscriptions does an average journal sell each year?

An appendix of sorts: the BMC cost structure

Article Processing Charges

standard charge = $1600 (129 journals)

Supporter’s Membership

Supporter Members pay a flat rate annual Membership fee based on the number of biology, chemistry, physics and medical researchers and graduate students at the institution. Members of the institution are then given a 15% discount on the APC when publishing in our journals.